Insects belong to a broader group of six-legged animals called hexapods.
The scale also sorts crabs by which of four evolutionary routes they took onto land, since crabs arriving via freshwater faced different pressures than those that colonized directly from the sea.
What Bruner calls “braking,” the Yale neuroscientist Amy Arnsten calls “regulation”—specifically, calcium regulation, which supports learning and memory.
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For decades, ever since biologists recognized the potential environmental harms from climate change, they have worried that plants will not be able to evolve fast enough to adapt to a rapidly warming .